The vacuum of space is popularly imagined as cold enough to flash-freeze anything exposed to it. But a vacuum has no air or water to carry heat away, so conduction and convection simply don't happen there — only radiation does, and radiation is slow. That's why the ISS carries a 70 kW ammonia cooling loop, why spacesuits are built to fight overheating rather than frostbite, and why Google named cooling as its hardest problem in putting AI data centers in orbit. We check the Stefan-Boltzmann law against the real engineering, and against the one detail *2001: A Space Odyssey* got backward.
#vacuum#thermal radiation#heat transfer#thermodynamics#space#heat dissipation